The authors of both passages served institutions associated with which of the following colonial techniques commonly used by Western imperial powers?

(A) Direct rule by the crown (B) Complete privatization of colonial authority (C) Martial law enforced by sizable armies (D) The chartering of companies to assume costs and share profitsExplanation: (D) Both Bentinck and Simpson were administrators of companies that enjoyed government-chartered monopolies to economically exploit colonial territory. Techniques of colonial administration are a topic of key interest on the AP exam.